ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the addition of antibiotic growth promoters to free-choice mineral supplement on ingestive behavior, mineral intake, and growth performance of grazing bulls. Sixty Nellore bulls [initial body weight (BW) of 219±17.8 kg and 15±2 months of age] were divided in 12 marandu grass paddocks. The treatments were: mineral supplement (control), mineral supplement + virginiamycin (VIRG), mineral supplement + lasalocid sodium (LASA) and mineral supplement + salinomycin sodium (SALI). Mineral supplements were formulated with target intake of 60 g d−1 and the growth promoters of 75 mg 100 kg−1 of BW. The experimental design was the completely randomized blocks. There was no treatment effect on ingestive behavior or mineral intake; however, the active ingredient intake differed between treatments. In the last experimental period, the intake of active ingredient LASA and SALI were higher than VIRG (0.66, 0.54, and 0.39 mg kg−1 of BW, respectively). Treatments also did not affect BW and average daily gain, which were 0.63, 0.60, 0.64, and 0.62 kg d−1 for control, VIRG, LASA, and SALI, respectively. Free-choice mineral supplementation intake by bulls has a high variability, and this impairs the regulation of the intake of antibiotic growth promoter additives. Therefore, the addition of antibiotic growth promoters to the mineral supplement does not affect ingestive behavior, mineral intake, and growth performance of grazing bulls.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a reconstituição da umidade associada à moagem grosseira do grão de milho sobre as características macroscópicas e microscópicas dos grãos. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Nutrição animal do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Foram utilizadas as seguintes combinações de processamento do milho: milho com reconstituição da umidade depois da moagem a 5 mm (MRD); milho com reconstituição da umidade antes da moagem a 5 mm (MRA) e milho moído a 1 mm (MMF). Foram realizados os ensaios de avaliação da atividade da enzima α-amilase sobre o amido dos grãos, microscopia eletrônica de varredura para os grãos de milho processados e avaliação da granulometria. O MRA apresentou maior número de partículas com tamanho acima de 1,19mm devido ao fato de a reconstituição ocorrer antes do processo de moagem, o que favorece a liberação da maior parte do pericarpo aderido ao grão de milho. Microscopicamente, os grânulos de amido não apresentaram variações na estrutura básica padrão sendo que algumas alterações observadas nas imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram devidas à preparação das amostras para visualização. A taxa de liberação de amido pela a ação da enzima α-amilase (Novozymes, Termamyl 2x) seguiu mesmo padrão para os três tipos de processamento.

SAMMURY The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of moisture reconstitution associated with coarse milling of corn grain on macroscopic and microscopic grain characteristics. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa. The following corn processing combinations were tested: corn reconstituted after being milled to 5 mm (CRA); corn reconstituted before being milled to 5 mm (CRB); and corn milled to 1 mm (CGF). Evaluation assays of α-amylase enzyme activity on the grain's starch, scanning electron microscopy for processed kernels, and particle-ize analysis were undertaken. The highest number of particles larger than 1.19 mm was found in CRB, because reconstitution occurred prior to the milling process, which facilitates the release of the largest part of the pericarp adherent to the corn grain. Microscopically, the starch granules did not display variations in their basic standard structure, and some alterations observed in the scanning electron microscopy images were due to the preparation of samples for visualization. There was no effect of grain processing on the rates of starch released by the action of the α-amylase enzyme (Novozymes, Termamyl 2x).

ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to evaluate the degradation kinetics and microbial efficiency of beef cattle grazing on low-quality forage and receiving supplements with different levels of rumen undegradable protein (RUP). The animals grazed on palisade grass pasture solely or this pasture and supplement containing 40 or 60 g of RUP per 100 g of crude protein (CP). The degradation profiles of neutral detergent fiber, fiber carbohydrates, and neutral detergent insoluble protein were interpreted kinetically by using a decreasing logistic model. Treatments (no supplement, or RUP at 40 or 60 g−1 100 g CP) did not affect rumen fill; however, the increase in the indigestible fiber carbohydrate fraction that occurred at the expense of the digestible fiber carbohydrate fraction resulted in a greater rumen fill effect. The palisade grass showed a significant proportion of its nitrogen in the form of slowly degradable protein as neutral detergent insoluble protein, which amounted to 26 g per 100 g CP. Supplementation with 40 g of RUP per 100 g CP decresead the indigestible fraction of the low-quality forage. However, the absence of a rumen-fill effect demonstrates that the additional supply of nutrients contributes greatly to increasing growth efficiency and use of the available energy from the forage by the ruminal microorganisms.

The present study evaluates the efficiency of different sulfur sources for ruminant nutrition. The fiber digestibility and the amino acid profile were analyzed in the duodenal digesta of crossbred steers fed Brachiaria dictyoneurahay. The sources utilized were elemental sulfur (ES70S), elemental sulfur (ES98S); calcium sulfate in hydrated (HCS), CaSO4.2H2O, and anhydrous (ACS), CaSO4, forms; and ammonium sulfate (AS), (NH4)2SO4, keeping a nitrogen:sulfur ratio of 11:1. The iso-protein supplements had 50% of protein in the total dry matter (DM). Five Holstein × Zebu steers, which were fistulated in the rumen and abomasum, were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. The different sulfur sources in the supplement did not affect any of the evaluated nutritional factors, such as intake of hay dry matter and protein supplement, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), organic matter (OM), non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC), ether extract (EE), total digestible nutrients (TDN), NDFap and CP digestibility coefficients, ruminal pH, and ruminal ammonia concentration. The concentrations of amino acids available in the abomasal digesta did not differ significantly in the tested diets. The sulfur sources evaluated in the present study are suitable as supplement for cattle, and their employment may be important to avoid environmental contaminations.

The objective of this study was to present some factors affecting feed efficiency in dairy goats. To develop our work, individual and average data from performance experiments with lactating goats were used. The following variables were evaluated: gross feed efficiency, adjusted feed efficiency, dry matter intake, milk-yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, dry matter digestibility, dietary neutral detergent fiber content, different roughage-to-concentrate ratios and body weight. The statistical analyses involved the application of descriptive and dispersion measures besides Pearson's correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis. The analyzed variables were highly correlated with feed efficiency. The feed efficiency of lactating goats was affected by the milk fat correction, dry matter digestibility, dietary fiber content, proportion of roughage in the diet and body weight. Among these factors, standardization of the milk fat appeared to be the most efficient in correcting the feed efficiency in lactating goats. Correction of some of these factors implies greater precision in the measurement of feed efficiency.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of five nitrogen doses on the productive and quality characteristics and the use efficiency of Brachiaria brizanthacv. Marandu grass. The treatments consisted of four doses of nitrogen (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1), distributed through a completely randomized design with four replicates. Samples of the material were collected to analyze productivity variables, concentrations of neutral detergent fiber, crude protein and neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen, and in vitro dry matter digestibility. The nitrogen use efficiency, recovery of the applied nitrogen (RAN) and agronomic efficiency of the applied nitrogen (AE) were calculated. Dry mass production increased by 1,624.67 (kg/ha) as the nitrogen doses were increased. The doses of nitrogen affected the concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (from 294.6 to 381.4 g.kg-1, in the leaf), crude protein (from 86.1 to 99.6 g.kg-1, in the leaf) and neutral detergent insoluble protein (from 402.9 to 396.2 g.kg-1 CP, in the leaf). Nitrogen use efficiency increased, whereas RAN and AE were not affected by the nitrogen doses. Nitrogen fertilization promotes improvement in productivity and chemical composition of Marandu grass, also improving the efficiency with which the grass utilizes the nitrogen.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da infusão ruminal de ácido propiônico (APR) associado a dietas em mistura completa com duas relações volumoso:concentrado (RVC), 80:20 e 60:40 (% da MS), para novilhos. Foram utilizados quatro novilhos mestiços, Holandês × Zebu, com idade média de 7 meses e 160 kg de peso vivo, distribuídos em delineamento experimental quadrado latino. As dietas foram isoprotéicas e os animais alimentados à vontade, na forma de ração em mistura completa. O ácido propiônico foi produzido por fermentação do soro de leite reconstituído, pelo consórcio das bactérias Enterococcus sp. e Veillonella sp. Diariamente e junto ao fornecimento dos alimentos sólidos, infundiram-se no rúmen 2 L do composto contendo ácido propiônico. Não houve interação APR × RVC para os consumos de nutrientes, exceto nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Os consumos de matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e NDT foram influenciados pela relação volumoso:concentrado utilizada. Não houve interação APR × RVC para as digestibilidades totais de MS, MO, PB, EE, FDN e CT. Todavia, as digestibilidades de MS, MO, EE e CT foram influenciadas pela relação volumoso:concentrado. Não houve interação APR × RVC para as concentrações médias de N-NH3 e pH do líquido ruminal, no entanto, a APR propiciou efeito sobre o pH medido 4 horas após a alimentação. Não se observou interação ou efeito dos fatores principais sobre as concentrações de ácidos graxos voláteis no líquido ruminal, ou níveis de glicose e o nitrogênio uréico sérico.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intraruminal infusion of propionic acid (RPA) associated to two (80:20 and 60:40) forage:concentrate ratios (FCR), for young bulls. Four Holstein × Zebu crossbred young bulls with average age of 7 months and 160 kg of body weight (BW) were distributed to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. A total mixed ration, isonitrogenous diets, was ad libitum fed to animals. The propionic acid was obtained by fermentation of reconstituted milk whey by the consortium of bacteria Enterococcus sp. and Veillonella sp.. Daily and along with the supply of solid feeds, 2 L of the compound containing propionic acid were intrainfused in the rumen. There was no RPA × FCR interaction for the intake of nutrients, except for total digestible nutrients (TDN). The organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and TDN intakes were influenced by the FCR. There was no RPA × FCR interaction on the total digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and TC. However, the digestibility of DM, OM, EE and CT were influenced by the FCR. There was no RPA × FCR interaction for the mean N-NH3 concentration and pH of the rumen fluid; however, RPA provided effect on the pH measured 4 hours after meal. There was no interaction or effect of the main factors on volatile fatty acids concentrations in the rumen fluid, or on glucose levels and serum urea nitrogen.

Nesta pesquisa, o objetivo foi avaliar as diferenças entre silagens de culturas exclusivas ou do consórcio de milho e capim-braquiária, além de dois arranjos de semeadura do consórcio (duas fileiras de capim-braquiária nas entrelinhas do milho; e semeadura de capim-braquiária a lanço nas entrelinhas do milho). Avaliaram-se as produções de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) por área e as características qualitativas das silagens (teores de PB, NDT, FDN, lignina e carboidratos não-fibrosos, nitrogênio amoniacal, ácidos butírico e lático e o pH). O milho em cultivo exclusivo, semeadura de duas fileiras do capim-braquiária nas entrelinhas do milho e semeadura do capim-braquiária a lanço nas entrelinhas do milho não diferiram com relação à produção de MS, PB e NDT, e nem com relação a variáveis qualitativas como teores de PB, NDT, FDN, lignina, pH, nitrogênio amoniacal, ácidos lático e butírico na MS das silagens, mostrando-se melhores desempenhos que o capim-braquiária em cultivo exclusivo quanto a essas variáveis. Porém, a recuperação do dossel forrageiro na área, após a colheita do material, foi mais rápida no arranjo com duas fileiras do capim-braquiária nas entrelinhas do milho.

The objective of this work was to evaluate differences between silages produced from exclusive cultures or intercropped with corn and signal grass cultures in different sowing arrangements (two lines of signal grass in the corn inter-lines and hand-sowed signal grass in the corn inter-lines) The production of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) for area was evaluated, as well as the qualitative variables of DM in the silages including CP, TDN, NDF, LIG, NFC, NH3, butyric and lactic acids and pH. The corn in exclusive culture, signal grass in two lines and hand-sowed signal grass did not differ in relation to the DM, CP and TDN production or the qualitative variables in relation to the CP, TDN, NDF, LIG, pH, NH3, butyric and lactic acid contents in the silage, showing better behavior than the signal grass exclusive culture. However, the canopy recovery in the area before harvest was faster in the two lines of signal grass in the corn inter-lines.

Realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar a silagem de capim-braquiária cultivado em consórcio com milho ou em cultivo exclusivo colhido aos 100; 120; 140 e 160 dias pós-plantio. Avaliaram-se as produções de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e as características qualitativas (teores de PB, NDT, carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), nitrogênio amoniacal, ácido butírico; ácido lático e pH), na MS, dessas silagens. O teor de MS nas forrageiras, independentemente da forma de cultivo, foi maior aos 140 e 160 dias após o plantio. Os dois tratamentos (consórcio ou cultivo exclusivo) diferiram quanto à produção de MS apenas aos 120 dias pós-plantio. O cultivo simultâneo de milho com duas fileiras de capim-braquiária nas entrelinhas (consórcio) foi superior ao cultivo exclusivo de capim-braquiária. Independentemente da idade das culturas, a forragem obtida do consórcio de capim-braquiária e milho apresentou maior quantidade de NDT/ha e resultou em silagens com maiores teores de NDT e ácido lático na MS e menores teores de FDN, lignina, nitrogênio amoniacal e ácido butírico e menor pH.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the silage produced from signal grass intercropping with corn or in exclusive culture and harvesting at 100, 120, 140 and 160 days after sowing. Productions of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were evaluated. It was also evaluated, the quality characteristics as contents (%DM) of CP, NDT, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), ammonia nitrogen, butyric acid, lactic acid and pH, these silages. DM content was higher in the forages, regardless of intercropping with corn or in exclusive culture was higher at 140 and 160 days after sowing. Intercropping exclusive culture differed in DM production only at 120 days after sowing. Simultaneous cultivation of corn with two rows of signal grass in interlines (intercropping) was higher than exclusive culture of signal grass. Whatever culture ages, forage obtained from the intercropping of signal grass and corn had higher amounts of TDN/ha and resulted in silages with higher TDN contents and lactic acid and lower contents of NDF, lignin, ammonia nitrogen and acid butyric and lower pH.

Objetivou-se avaliar o cultivo de capim-braquiária e soja em consórcio ou exclusivamente. Avaliaram-se a produção de matéria seca (MS) e os teores de proteína bruta (PB) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) por hectare; os teores de proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), lignina (LIG), carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), NDT, ácido butírico e ácido lático; o nitrogênio amoniacal; o teor de MS e o pH das silagens dessas culturas colhidas em dois estádios fenológicos (R6 e R7) das plantas de soja. Na maioria das variáveis avaliadas, constatou-se viabilidade de ensilagem das culturas. A produção de MS foi maior no capim-braquiária em cultivo exclusivo, independentemente do estádio vegetativo. O teor de MS das silagens de capim-braquiária produzido em cultivo exclusivo foi baixo nos dois estádios vegetativos (19,55 e 19,49%). Nas silagens oriundas do consórcio capim-braquiária e soja e de soja em cultivo exclusivo, o teor de MS foi mais elevado no estádio vegetativo R7. Independentemente do estádio, a soja em cultivo exclusivo produziu maiores teores de PB, CNF, LIG, NDT e maior quantidade de PB, seguida pelo consórcio capim-braquiária e soja e pelo capim-braquiária em cultivo exclusivo, que comportaram de forma inversa quanto ao teor de FDN. A quantidade de NDT obtida no consórcio capim-braquiária e soja e no cultivo exclusivo de soja aumentou do estádio vegetativo R6 para o R7, enquanto, no capim-braquiária em cultivo exclusivo, diminuiu com avanço da maturidade das culturas. Em todas as silagens colhidas nos dois estádios vegetativos, os valores de pH e ácido butírico foram elevados e os valores de ácido lático foram baixos. No estádio R7, o teor de nitrogênio amoniacal das silagens foi menor que no R6. A utilização de soja cultivada em consórcio com capim-braquiária para produção de silagens é viável. Recomenda-se a colheita das culturas no estádio R7 das plantas de soja.

The objective was to evaluate the culture of signal grass and soybean intercropping or in single cultures on the production of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) per ha. It was evaluate, also, contents of CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin (LIG), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), NDT, butyric acid and lactic acid, ammonia nitrogen, the content of DM and pH of these silage cultures harvested in two phenological stages (R6 and R7) of the soybean plants. The production of DM was greater in signal grass in single culture, regardless of the vegetative stage. The DM content of signal grass silage in single culture was low in both vegetative stages (19.55 and 19.49%). In silages from signal grass and soybean intercropping and soybean in single culture, the content of DM was higher in the R7 vegetative stage. Regardless of the vegetative stage, soybean in single culture produced higher content of CP, NFC, LIG, TDN and higher amount of CP, followed by signal grass and soybean intercropping and signal grass in single culture, which showed inverse behavior for NDF content. The amount of TDN obtained in signal grass and soybean intercropping and soybean in single culture increased from the R6 to R7 vegetative stage, whereas in signal grass in single culture, decreased with advancing of the crop maturities. In all silages, harvested in the two vegetation stages, the values of pH and butyric acid were high and the values of lactic acid were low. In the R7 stage, ammonia nitrogen level of the silages was lower than the R6. It is feasible to use the signal grass and soybean intercropping for silage production, being recommended to harvesting the crops in R7 vegetative stage of the soybean plants.